LUBRITA technical article about chemistry of crude oil

Crude oil, as it is taken from the earth, is a very complex mixture of hydrocarbons.
As might be expected, the term hydrocarbon refers to the hydrogen and carbon atoms linked together and forming a majority of the individual molecules that are present. Having been transformed from living organisms being subject to heat and pressure over millions of years, the crude is termed to be an “organic” material. In addition to hydrogen and carbon, there are small amounts of other atomic elements that are present and mostly incorporated into the hydrocarbon molecules. The most common of these are nitrogen and sulfur. As part of the hydrocarbon, they are referred to as “hetero-” atoms. Heavier crude may also contain some inorganic materials such as nickel, vanadium, and iron, which are removed during refining.

Hydrocarbons form in an extraordinarily large number of configurations. They range in size from the simplest methane molecule, which contains one carbon atom and four hydrogens, to heavy asphaltic resins with structures that have not been fully mapped. Because we are dealing with mineral oil–based lubricants, we are interested in molecules of a size that fit into the range of approximately 15 to 95 carbon atoms long, corresponding roughly to a boiling range of about 300–700°C. In addition, as the number of carbon atoms in a molecule increase, the number of different ways that a molecule can be structured increases dramatically. Although many different arrangements of molecules may be imagined, for practical purposes, petroleum hydrocarbons are generally classified in a limited number of ways.

Consider the list of hydrocarbon types found in crude and their associated structures as identified in the picture.
Typical structures of hydrocarbons found in crude.

Typical structures of hydrocarbons found in crude

However, each individual carbon atom has four bonds, each of which may be connected to a combination of hydrogens, a heteroatom, or another carbon. With the astronomical number of individual molecules that are possible, only a single representative structure of each is shown. Those molecules that make good lubricants are grouped at the top, whereas less desirable molecules are listed below. Nitrogen compounds promote oxidation and cause the formation of undesirable sludge. During the refining process to remove nitrogen, sulfur compounds are also eliminated. Although sulfur compounds can naturally inhibit oxidation and sludge formation, additives designed to inhibit oxidation generally provide better protection.

Five important lubricant performance characteristics of a hydrocarbon are assessed. VI measures a lubricant’s ability to resist change in fluidity with changes in temperature. Pour point is the temperature where the lubricant will begin to resist flow and cease to function as a lubricant. Oxidation resistance is essential to prevent the formation of harmful sludge and varnish. Solubility is important to not only dissolve the additives used in formulating lubricants but also to suspend contaminants that may find their way into finished oil. Finally, no assessment is complete without concern for toxicity and product safety.

There is a clear relationship between the type of hydrocarbons present in a base stock and its performance as a lubricant. Note that PAO, a synthetic, is included for comparison with the mineral-based materials. It is nearly perfect in every respect except solubility. However, this high-quality PAO is delivered at higher cost, which is typical for a specialty chemical.

Lubricant Performance of Various Hydrocarbons Found in Crude Oil.

Lubricant Performance of Various Hydrocarbons Found in Crude Oil

Paraffins, having relatively simple structures, can be divided into two classes. Normal paraffins (n-paraffins), with simple linear structures and no side chains, turn waxy at low temperatures and make poor lubricants for products that need to operate in a wide range of temperatures. In contrast, isoparaffins, with side-branching carbon atoms to keep the molecules from crystallizing, remain fluid at low temperatures and are preferred base stock components. In addition, relative to other mineral-based materials, the isoparaffins have excellent VI, oxidation stability, and low toxicity.

Naphthenics are similar to paraffins except that there is a grouping of carbons that form at least one ring structure generally consisting of six carbon atoms. Although the ring structure of naphthenic molecules appear similar in structure to aromatic molecules, there is one significant difference: the carbons in a naphthenic molecule are all fully saturated or filled with hydrogen. No double bonds exist between two carbon atoms in a naphthenic ring. Naphthenic molecules with one or two rings have relatively well-rounded performance. All considered, this is good, because paraffinic Group I and Group II base stocks often contain a considerable amount of naphthenic material. However, quality drops when the naphthenic content becomes too high, and/or there is a high concentration of multiring naphthenic material. With too much naphthenic material, the VI becomes too low for use in engine oils even though pour point and solubility are excellent.

Aromatic hydrocarbons are present in paraffinic lube crudes. In aromatics, the six carbon atoms in a ring share double bonds and, as a result, aromatics contain fewer hydrogen atoms than other hydrocarbons. All aromatics have poor VI properties, exhibiting significant changes in viscosity with changes in temperature. However, single-ring substituted monoaromatics are considered fair performers in conjunction with isoparaffins. They have a significant presence in the composition of lower quality Group I base stocks, and their primary contribution is to improve solubility and pour point. In contrast, polynuclear aromatics are particularly poor lubricants with respect to VI, pour point, and oxidation stability, and their highly toxic nature make them undesirable components of base stocks.

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GENERAL INFORMATION

This privacy policy determines Lubrita Europe B.V., legal entity address World Trade Center Amsterdam, Schiphol Boulevard 127, 1118 BG Schiphol, Netherlands, the e-mail address info@Lubrita.com (hereinafter referred to as the “Manager") the conditions for the processing of personal data of web siteLubrita.com visitors and other data subjects, implementation of rights of data subjects, related to the processing of personal data.

The Manager may at any time review and change the privacy policy, so we recommend that you periodically check, whether you are familiar with the relevant version of the privacy policy. The date of current version publication of the privacy policy is specified on the top of this Web page. The information about changes to the privacy policy for registered users of online stores is available on their online store account.

Personal data of the website visitors are processed in accordance with the legislation in force and ensuring the appropriate technical and organizational measures for the protection of personal data.

The Manager uses provided your personal data or with your permission collected by the Manager solely for the purposes stated in the Privacy Policy, for the purpose of handling personal data, whether for payment or free of charge, transfer to other persons, except in the cases specified in this Privacy Policy. Your personal data may be disclosed to other persons only then and only to the extent that this is necessary in order to provide you with services, to fulfill your order, and so on. For example, when purchasing goods and choosing courier delivery, your personal data required for the delivery will be disclosed to the courier service. The website contains links to non-managerial websites. The Manager is not responsible for the privacy policies of these sites, so we encourage you to be active and get familiar with the privacy policies of the websites you are directed.

WEB SITE VISITORS' PERSONAL DATA, THE USE OF COOKIES

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The web site has a request form that you can fill out with your request to the Manager. In order to respond to your request and save proof of communication, the Manager will in any case handle the information you provided: your name, email, and request. You will not be able to contact us by submitting a request without specifying this information.

If you want the Manager's representative to be able to contact you not only by e-mail, but also by telephone, you can also provide your telephone number with the request, but you can also submit the request without the phone number.

The personal data submitted with the request and the further correspondence between you and the Manager's agent will be kept to the extent necessary for the fulfillment of a specific task and to ensure the implementation of the rights of the Manager.

ONLINE STORE CUSTOMER PERSONAL DATA

Only the registered online store users following the conditions of purchase in the e-shop can purchase goods in the manager's online store.

The personal data provided by the registration is used to fulfill the orders (to implement the Manager's legitimate interest in being able to provide evidence of communication and agreements with buyers). In addition to the personal data provided at the time of registration, the Manager also stores your purchase history for the same purpose and legal basis: the purchased goods, their price, payment method and date, delivery method and date. The email provided by registering will also be used for the purpose of direct marketing in order to provide you with information about the goods and services offered by the Manager, provided promotions and practical advices, unless you express an objection during registration to the use of your personal data for direct marketing purposes. For more information on the processing of your personal data for direct marketing purposes, you will find at DIRECT MARKETING section of the Privacy Policy.

In order to be able to fulfill your order properly, you need to provide correct personal information when registering. You can view and modify your personal details by logging in to your online store account. Please, before submitting a new order, in all cases, verify that your personal data held by the Manager are relevant and correct. The Manager assumes no responsibility if your personal data will be disclosed to other persons, you will not receive any ordered goods or experience other inconvenience due to incorrect personal data delivery or non-renewal. No property losses will be compensated due to submission of improper personal data.

The personal data of registered at online store persons will be provided to the companies providing goods delivery services, banks, which handle billing for purchased goods or services, as well as to the data processors used by the Manager (the information system administrators used by the manager, the marketing services agencies).

You can cancel your registration at online store at any time by e-mail at info@Lubrita.com. Your account will be canceled no later than within 7 business days from the receipt of the sent confirmation email and you will be notified by email on the deletion of your account.

Your personal data processed for the purpose of electronic trading is stored for 5 years since the last time shopping in the online store. If you do not buy at online store for 5 years, your account will be deleted and all personal data contained therein will be deleted. You will be notified of the intention to cancel your account at least 5 days before the account is canceled.

PERSONAL DATA OF LOYALTY PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS

You become the Loyalty client of the Manager by acquiring a Manager Loyalty card under the terms of the loyalty program.

In order to become a loyal client of the Manager and to purchase the products distributed by the Manager at a more favorable prices, you must provide the Manager with the following information by registering in the loyalty program: name, email, telephone number and address. In order to become a member of the loyalty program you do not have to submit any other personal data.

In addition to personal data submitted by you, the Manager will also process the history of purchases made through a loyalty card, such as: purchased goods, their price, the discount applied, order date, payment method and date, delivery method and date. The legal basis for the processing of personal data processed for the purpose of carrying out the loyalty program is the desire to fulfill the contract for participation in the loyalty program.

Your personal data will only be used to provide you with discounts and make direct marketing offers. If you do not wish to receive news and information on promotions for loyal customers from the Manager, check in the "additional information" box when registering that you do not agree to the processing of your personal data for direct marketing purposes.

Your personal data processed for the purpose of performing a loyalty program will be transferred to the Manager's data processors (Administrators of Information Systems used by the Manager, Marketing Agencies).

You have the right to withdraw from the loyalty program at any time by submitting an application to the e-mail address info@Lubrita.com. For processing your participation in the Loyalty Program, your personal data will be erased no later than 7 days after the confirmation about sent receipt of the email and you will be informed by email about the deletion of personal data.

DIRECT MARKETING

Each Web site visitor can subscribe to the latest news about products and services offered by the manager, promotions and practical tips (subscribe to the newsletter).

By signing up to the online store, or a loyalty program you are also included in the Database of Recipients of the Manager's Newsletter, unless you state at the time of registration that you do not wish to receive Manager's Direct Marketing Proposals.

The persons that have subscribed to the newsletter and registered at online store, so the loyalty program participants may at any time refuse Manager's newsletter by clicking on the refusal link in the newsletter or by submitting a request to the e-mail address info@Lubrita.com.

VIDEO SURVEILLANCE

Video surveillance is provided in the territory and premises of physical Manager stores, located at World Trade Center Amsterdam, Schiphol Boulevard 127, 1118 BG Schiphol, Netherlands. The image is monitored in order to ensure the security of the Manager's assets and employees. The legal basis for the processing of these data is the legitimate interest of the Manager in preventing the occurrence of damage that the Manager would suffer if he lost his property or did not ensure the safety of his employees.

Observed areas and parts of the premises are marked with visual means visible before entering the video surveillance field.

The territory and premises of the Company are monitored only in real time; we do not record and store image data, so we will not be able to satisfy your requests for access to image data.

PERSONAL DATA OF CANDIDATES FOR THE EMPLOYEES

All personal data submitted by persons wishing to employ at Manager‘s Company are administered by the Manager only for the purpose of selecting and recruiting staff, having a legitimate interest in assessing the suitability of a candidate to work as desired.

In addition to the date provided on selection and recruitment purposes by the same person who wishes to work at the Managers Company, the Manager may collect and otherwise handle other publicly available candidate data, i.e., look for information online, check candidate social networks (such as LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter) profiles and so on.

The Manager can also apply to the former candidate's employers, indicated in the candidate's CV or social networking accounts, and request information about the candidate's qualifications, professional abilities and business characteristics.

Submitted by the candidate and independently collected data about the candidate Manager keeps 4 months since the expiry of a specific employee selection. The term for the storage of personal data is prolonged only with the individual consent of the candidate. If the consent to keep the candidate's personal data for more than 4 months after the selection is not obtained, after the expiration of this term all the personal data of the candidate (both presented by the candidate and collected by the Manager) are deleted.

INFORMATION ABOUT THE RIGHTS

All persons, whose personal data are processed by the Manager, shall have:

The right of access to their personal data, processed by the Manager.
The right to request correction of incorrect or inaccurate personal data
Registered e-shop users can access their personal data and change them by signing up to an online store account. In other cases, the right of access and request for the correction of personal data shall be implemented by submitting a written request to the Manager's office address or to e-mail address info@Lubrita.com (in case of an application signed by e-signature).

The right to demand that the Manager restrict the processing of personal data until the accuracy of personal data is verified, until it is determined whether the interests of the data subject who disagrees with the processing of personal data are superior to the Manager, as well as in cases where personal data is processed illegally, but the data subject does not agree to delete this data.
This right is implemented by providing a written request to the Manager's office address or to the email address info@Lubrita.com (in case of an application signed by e-signature). If the application is reasonable, the processing of personal data will be limited within 5 working days from the receipt of the request.

The right to data portability
This right is implemented by providing a written request to the Manager's office address or to the email address info@Lubrita.com (in case of an application signed by e-signature).If the request is reasonable, the Manager submits to you or your designated data Manager your personal data in computer-readable form no later than within 30 days of receipt of the request.

The right to disagree with the processing of personal data
Registered e-shop users and loyalty program participants express the right to oppose the processing of their personal data for direct marketing purposes by abandoning the newsletter, clicking on the refusal link or by submitting an application to the e-mail address info@Lubrita.com. In all other cases expressing disagreement with the processing of your personal data will assess whether your legitimate interest is superior to the Manager.

The right to request deletion of data
This right is implemented by providing a written request to the Manager's office address or to the email address info@Lubrita.com (in case of an application is signed by e-signature). The data Manager shall delete the relevant personal data within the 30 days following the receipt of the request or refuse to accept the application and shall state the reasons for the refusal in writing.

The right to appeal to the supervisory authority
This right may be enforced by submitting a complaint to the State Data Protection Inspectorate regarding any actions of the Manager concerning the processing of your personal data.

In cases when you implement your rights by submitting a written application to the address of the Manager's office, a copy of the identity document (passport, ID card) certified by a notary must be submitted along with the application.

CONTACTS

If you have questions regarding the privacy policy, contact us info@Lubrita.com and we will help you.

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