Engine Lubricants formulations and Future Trends and Challenges

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Challenges and opportunities for lubricants industry. Global Concerns leading to Global Regulations.
The automotive and heavy duty diesel industries are going through a period of rapid change. The lubricant industry is changing accordingly.

Key Trends and Challenges in Lubricant Formulations are these main factors:
• Emission regulations
• Extended ODI (Oil Drain Intervals)
• Fuel Economy
• Alternative Fuels


Emission regulations and emission control strategies
Approaches vary with OEMs, but involve some combination:
• Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) – without or with external cooling
• Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)
• Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR)
• Caterpillar use proprietary ACERT TM system












Different approaches lead to specific lubricants needs. Nevertheless certain trends are common to most diesel powered engines.
• Engine lubricants
• Higher soot loading in the oil due to EGR
• Restrictions on SAPS (Sulphated Ash, Phosphorus and Sulphur) to protect after-treatment devices

Soot from Cooled EGR engines is unresponsive to conventional dispersants… step-out technologies required.


Restricted SAPS Environment and Sources of SAPS
• Sulphated Ash – Metal detergents, ZDDP antiwear additives
• Phosphorus – ZDDP antiwear additives
• Sulphur – ZDDP, certain metal detergents, additive diluents, basestock


Phosphorus – The industry is fully cognizant of the impact of “P” loading on catalyst efficiency in gasoline powered vehicles
• Long term trend is to reduced ZDDP in the oil
• Extent of reduction will be determined by engine durability
• Significant reductions beyond current levels will require development of new phos-free anti-wear technologies

Sulphur – With “S” largely eliminated from diesel fuel in developed markets, and the widespread use of Group II and III basestocks, focus on sulphur content is now on the additive systems.


Role of Metal Detergents in SAPS Constrained Environment.
Metal detergents are metallic salts of organic materialssuch as sulphonate, phenate and salicylate
• Some also contain metallic carbonate core to impart basicity oracid neutralization capability to the oil
• Common metals are calcium and magnesium
Detergents play an important role in providing essential piston cleanliness and acid neutralization capability
Correct choice can also play a role in reducing ash and sulphur. Specially tailored salicylates for crankcase lubricants can offer significant advantages, especially in extended drain and SAPS constrained applications.


The Struggle to Reduce Ash : Calcium versus Magnesium
• Existing magnesium detergents can play an important role in reducing ash content in the oil
• However, large step-change reductions in ash from thecurrent levels will require development of non-metallic detergent and TBN systems


Extended Drain intervals:
Extended drain oils have broad appeal to the lubricant industry
• Optimum use of natural resources
• Cost of ownership - reduced downtime for fleet operators, reduced cost of disposal
• Marketing feature for OEMs

Drain intervals are in part constrained by: Emission control systems – soot loading in EGR engines, DPF and Concerns about engine durability.


Key enablers
• High quality basestocks – Group III, conventional as well as very high VI Group III’s
(example, from GTL – Gas to Liquid)
• Advanced additive technologies such as salicylate detergents,enhanced low S/P anti-wear and new antioxidant technologies
• Interestingly, viscosity modifiers also play key role – a fact generally not well understood in the industry

 

Role of Viscosity Modifiers
• Basic rule of lubrication: If the engine starts, oil must pump
• Not just when the oil is fresh, but all through its life in the engine
• Oils formulated with certain viscosity modifiers can experience serious loss of pumpability at low temperatures due to ageing in the engine
• For such oils, extending the time between oil changes can dramatically increase the risk of lubrication failure
• Careful selection of VM is critically important in extended drain applications

 
Fuel Economy
Fuel efficiency has been an important consideration for the vehicle manufactures for quite some time
Escalating fuel costs in recent times have further raised the profile of FE in the automotive as well as the heavy duty diesel engine industry. Large share of the Fuel economy -FE gains will accrue from innovations in hardware designs. However, lubricants can also play an important role in minimizing energy losses in the engine and, indeed the entire drive train. Tough GHG regulations are coming into effect in all major markets.


Typical energy distribution in a vehicle

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Fuel Economy Triangle

  • Boundary Friction – Friction modifiers
  • Rheological Losses – Lubricant viscosity
  • In-Service Retention – Volatility and durable friction modifiers


Real FE gains in engine lubricants will involve all three corners of the triangle!


Low Viscosity Lubricants
Low viscosity lubricants are becoming an increasingly important element in the race for higher FE.
For gasoline engines, SAE 0W-20 are not far away. Most of Japan cars manufactures, OEM's already aproved SAE 0W-20 oils.
For Heavy Duty - HD diesel engines, SAE 5W-30 and 5W-40 synthetic oils are starting to gain market.
Further reductions in viscosity will need careful attention both from engine designers and oil formulators!
HTHS viscosity is widely seen as the most critical lubricant property for fuel economy.
Lower HTHS -> Higher FE

Lubricants have to deliver FE-fuel economy performance, throughout their life in the engine, not just when they are fresh.
• Durable friction modifiers
• Antiwear system
• Low volatility
• Antioxidants
• Dispersants – particularly for soot induced viscosity control in
• HD diesel engine oils
Group III basestocks will play a major role in FE retention due to their low volatility superior antioxidant response high viscosity index.


Alternate Fuels
Use of biomass derived fuels to extend conventional fuels is gaining momentum
• Renewable energy source
• Security of energy supply
• Often price supported through government incentives

Gasoline – Use of ethanol is growing, particularly in NA
• 10% ethanol has been used as oxygenate in gasoline for longtime
• Recently E85 (85% ethanol) has been gathering momentum
• Some Brazil experience suggests that E85 will require oil formulators to address issues such as rust and emulsion

Diesel – Issues are much bigger here compared to gasoline because of the wide chemical and physical variety of alternatives being proposed.


Bio-Diesel
Derived from renewable resources, the use of FAME
(Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) in diesel engines has been spreading across the globe.
FAME is generally blended with petroleum diesel Designated “BX”, X = % of FAME in blend EG, B5 = 5% FAME, 95% petroleum based diesel. Positions of HD diesel engine OEMs vary widely B5 is generally accepted provided the FAME meets US or EU fuels specs. Some OEMs allow B20 and B30 for specific engines but may require additional monitoring. Use of B100 is rare but does exist – mainly in captive fleets.


What’s in a FAME?
FAME is manufactured from a variety of vegetable and animal sources
RME - Rapeseed methyl ester
SME - Soybean methyl ester
PME - Palm oil methyl ester etc...


The use of bio-diesel has a number of potential issues:
Diversity of sources - variable quality
Unsaturation in the backbone -oxidation
Presence of wax or wax-like structures - low temperature fluidity
Boiling range is typical higher than petroleum diesel accumulation of unburnt or partially burnt FAME in the oil


Effect on Lubricant Performance
Two oil quality levels, standard and top tier, were tested with varying levels of bio-diesel contamination for corrosion (Cummins HTCBT test), oxidation (GFC oxidation test), deposits (TEOST MHT-4 test), Low temperature fluidity.


Summary and Conclusions
As the needs and expectations of the engine OEMs and the lubrication industry are changing, lubes producers, blenders and the additive suppliers is rapidly adapting to the changes around it.
Evolutionary approaches will continue to play a role in lubricant formulations of the future.
However, real step-out changes in the additive technologies are taking place to address the longer.
term needs of the industry. Such changes will affect not just one or two classes of additives, they will affect almost every major type of additive component used in oil formulations.

These are challenging times for everyone in the value chain – OEMs, oil manufacturers, oil marketers and additive suppliers. Passion for innovation and perseverance will be key assets in this environment.

 

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GENERAL INFORMATION

This privacy policy determines Lubrita Europe B.V., legal entity address World Trade Center Amsterdam, Schiphol Boulevard 127, 1118 BG Schiphol, Netherlands, the e-mail address info@Lubrita.com (hereinafter referred to as the “Manager") the conditions for the processing of personal data of web siteLubrita.com visitors and other data subjects, implementation of rights of data subjects, related to the processing of personal data.

The Manager may at any time review and change the privacy policy, so we recommend that you periodically check, whether you are familiar with the relevant version of the privacy policy. The date of current version publication of the privacy policy is specified on the top of this Web page. The information about changes to the privacy policy for registered users of online stores is available on their online store account.

Personal data of the website visitors are processed in accordance with the legislation in force and ensuring the appropriate technical and organizational measures for the protection of personal data.

The Manager uses provided your personal data or with your permission collected by the Manager solely for the purposes stated in the Privacy Policy, for the purpose of handling personal data, whether for payment or free of charge, transfer to other persons, except in the cases specified in this Privacy Policy. Your personal data may be disclosed to other persons only then and only to the extent that this is necessary in order to provide you with services, to fulfill your order, and so on. For example, when purchasing goods and choosing courier delivery, your personal data required for the delivery will be disclosed to the courier service. The website contains links to non-managerial websites. The Manager is not responsible for the privacy policies of these sites, so we encourage you to be active and get familiar with the privacy policies of the websites you are directed.

WEB SITE VISITORS' PERSONAL DATA, THE USE OF COOKIES

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If you want the Manager's representative to be able to contact you not only by e-mail, but also by telephone, you can also provide your telephone number with the request, but you can also submit the request without the phone number.

The personal data submitted with the request and the further correspondence between you and the Manager's agent will be kept to the extent necessary for the fulfillment of a specific task and to ensure the implementation of the rights of the Manager.

ONLINE STORE CUSTOMER PERSONAL DATA

Only the registered online store users following the conditions of purchase in the e-shop can purchase goods in the manager's online store.

The personal data provided by the registration is used to fulfill the orders (to implement the Manager's legitimate interest in being able to provide evidence of communication and agreements with buyers). In addition to the personal data provided at the time of registration, the Manager also stores your purchase history for the same purpose and legal basis: the purchased goods, their price, payment method and date, delivery method and date. The email provided by registering will also be used for the purpose of direct marketing in order to provide you with information about the goods and services offered by the Manager, provided promotions and practical advices, unless you express an objection during registration to the use of your personal data for direct marketing purposes. For more information on the processing of your personal data for direct marketing purposes, you will find at DIRECT MARKETING section of the Privacy Policy.

In order to be able to fulfill your order properly, you need to provide correct personal information when registering. You can view and modify your personal details by logging in to your online store account. Please, before submitting a new order, in all cases, verify that your personal data held by the Manager are relevant and correct. The Manager assumes no responsibility if your personal data will be disclosed to other persons, you will not receive any ordered goods or experience other inconvenience due to incorrect personal data delivery or non-renewal. No property losses will be compensated due to submission of improper personal data.

The personal data of registered at online store persons will be provided to the companies providing goods delivery services, banks, which handle billing for purchased goods or services, as well as to the data processors used by the Manager (the information system administrators used by the manager, the marketing services agencies).

You can cancel your registration at online store at any time by e-mail at info@Lubrita.com. Your account will be canceled no later than within 7 business days from the receipt of the sent confirmation email and you will be notified by email on the deletion of your account.

Your personal data processed for the purpose of electronic trading is stored for 5 years since the last time shopping in the online store. If you do not buy at online store for 5 years, your account will be deleted and all personal data contained therein will be deleted. You will be notified of the intention to cancel your account at least 5 days before the account is canceled.

PERSONAL DATA OF LOYALTY PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS

You become the Loyalty client of the Manager by acquiring a Manager Loyalty card under the terms of the loyalty program.

In order to become a loyal client of the Manager and to purchase the products distributed by the Manager at a more favorable prices, you must provide the Manager with the following information by registering in the loyalty program: name, email, telephone number and address. In order to become a member of the loyalty program you do not have to submit any other personal data.

In addition to personal data submitted by you, the Manager will also process the history of purchases made through a loyalty card, such as: purchased goods, their price, the discount applied, order date, payment method and date, delivery method and date. The legal basis for the processing of personal data processed for the purpose of carrying out the loyalty program is the desire to fulfill the contract for participation in the loyalty program.

Your personal data will only be used to provide you with discounts and make direct marketing offers. If you do not wish to receive news and information on promotions for loyal customers from the Manager, check in the "additional information" box when registering that you do not agree to the processing of your personal data for direct marketing purposes.

Your personal data processed for the purpose of performing a loyalty program will be transferred to the Manager's data processors (Administrators of Information Systems used by the Manager, Marketing Agencies).

You have the right to withdraw from the loyalty program at any time by submitting an application to the e-mail address info@Lubrita.com. For processing your participation in the Loyalty Program, your personal data will be erased no later than 7 days after the confirmation about sent receipt of the email and you will be informed by email about the deletion of personal data.

DIRECT MARKETING

Each Web site visitor can subscribe to the latest news about products and services offered by the manager, promotions and practical tips (subscribe to the newsletter).

By signing up to the online store, or a loyalty program you are also included in the Database of Recipients of the Manager's Newsletter, unless you state at the time of registration that you do not wish to receive Manager's Direct Marketing Proposals.

The persons that have subscribed to the newsletter and registered at online store, so the loyalty program participants may at any time refuse Manager's newsletter by clicking on the refusal link in the newsletter or by submitting a request to the e-mail address info@Lubrita.com.

VIDEO SURVEILLANCE

Video surveillance is provided in the territory and premises of physical Manager stores, located at World Trade Center Amsterdam, Schiphol Boulevard 127, 1118 BG Schiphol, Netherlands. The image is monitored in order to ensure the security of the Manager's assets and employees. The legal basis for the processing of these data is the legitimate interest of the Manager in preventing the occurrence of damage that the Manager would suffer if he lost his property or did not ensure the safety of his employees.

Observed areas and parts of the premises are marked with visual means visible before entering the video surveillance field.

The territory and premises of the Company are monitored only in real time; we do not record and store image data, so we will not be able to satisfy your requests for access to image data.

PERSONAL DATA OF CANDIDATES FOR THE EMPLOYEES

All personal data submitted by persons wishing to employ at Manager‘s Company are administered by the Manager only for the purpose of selecting and recruiting staff, having a legitimate interest in assessing the suitability of a candidate to work as desired.

In addition to the date provided on selection and recruitment purposes by the same person who wishes to work at the Managers Company, the Manager may collect and otherwise handle other publicly available candidate data, i.e., look for information online, check candidate social networks (such as LinkedIn, Facebook, Twitter) profiles and so on.

The Manager can also apply to the former candidate's employers, indicated in the candidate's CV or social networking accounts, and request information about the candidate's qualifications, professional abilities and business characteristics.

Submitted by the candidate and independently collected data about the candidate Manager keeps 4 months since the expiry of a specific employee selection. The term for the storage of personal data is prolonged only with the individual consent of the candidate. If the consent to keep the candidate's personal data for more than 4 months after the selection is not obtained, after the expiration of this term all the personal data of the candidate (both presented by the candidate and collected by the Manager) are deleted.

INFORMATION ABOUT THE RIGHTS

All persons, whose personal data are processed by the Manager, shall have:

The right of access to their personal data, processed by the Manager.
The right to request correction of incorrect or inaccurate personal data
Registered e-shop users can access their personal data and change them by signing up to an online store account. In other cases, the right of access and request for the correction of personal data shall be implemented by submitting a written request to the Manager's office address or to e-mail address info@Lubrita.com (in case of an application signed by e-signature).

The right to demand that the Manager restrict the processing of personal data until the accuracy of personal data is verified, until it is determined whether the interests of the data subject who disagrees with the processing of personal data are superior to the Manager, as well as in cases where personal data is processed illegally, but the data subject does not agree to delete this data.
This right is implemented by providing a written request to the Manager's office address or to the email address info@Lubrita.com (in case of an application signed by e-signature). If the application is reasonable, the processing of personal data will be limited within 5 working days from the receipt of the request.

The right to data portability
This right is implemented by providing a written request to the Manager's office address or to the email address info@Lubrita.com (in case of an application signed by e-signature).If the request is reasonable, the Manager submits to you or your designated data Manager your personal data in computer-readable form no later than within 30 days of receipt of the request.

The right to disagree with the processing of personal data
Registered e-shop users and loyalty program participants express the right to oppose the processing of their personal data for direct marketing purposes by abandoning the newsletter, clicking on the refusal link or by submitting an application to the e-mail address info@Lubrita.com. In all other cases expressing disagreement with the processing of your personal data will assess whether your legitimate interest is superior to the Manager.

The right to request deletion of data
This right is implemented by providing a written request to the Manager's office address or to the email address info@Lubrita.com (in case of an application is signed by e-signature). The data Manager shall delete the relevant personal data within the 30 days following the receipt of the request or refuse to accept the application and shall state the reasons for the refusal in writing.

The right to appeal to the supervisory authority
This right may be enforced by submitting a complaint to the State Data Protection Inspectorate regarding any actions of the Manager concerning the processing of your personal data.

In cases when you implement your rights by submitting a written application to the address of the Manager's office, a copy of the identity document (passport, ID card) certified by a notary must be submitted along with the application.

CONTACTS

If you have questions regarding the privacy policy, contact us info@Lubrita.com and we will help you.
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